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                      Are necessary and eternal things 
                      subject to the eternal law? 
                         
                           It seems that necessary and eternal 
                          things are subject to the eternal law: 
                         
                           Objection 1:  Everything 
                          reasonable (rationabile) is subject to a plan 
                          (ratio).  But God’s will is reasonable, 
                          since it is just.  Therefore, it is subject to 
                          a plan.  But the eternal law is God’s plan.  
                          Therefore, God’s will is subject to the eternal law.  
                          But God’s will is something eternal.  Therefore, 
                          even eternal and necessary things are subject to the 
                          eternal law. 
                                
                      Objection 2:  
                      Whatever is subject to the king is subject to the king’s 
                      law.  But as 1 Corinthians 15:24 and 28 says, “the Son 
                      will be subject to God and the Father ...... when He has 
                      handed over the kingdom to Him.”  Therefore, the Son, who 
                      is eternal, is subject to the eternal law. 
                                
                      Objection 3:  
                      The eternal law is the plan of divine providence.  But 
                      many necessary things, e.g., the endurance of incorporeal 
                      substances and of the celestial bodies, are subject to 
                      divine providence.  Therefore, even necessary things are 
                      subject to the eternal law. 
                                
                      But contrary to this:  
                      Things that are necessary are such that it is impossible 
                      for them to be otherwise, and so they do not need to be 
                      restrained.  By contrast, as is clear from what was said 
                      above (q. 92, a. 2), law is imposed on men in order to 
                      restrain them from evil.  Therefore, necessary things are 
                      not subject to law. 
                                 
                          I respond:  
                          As was explained above (a. 1), the eternal law is the 
                          plan of divine governance.  Therefore, whatever 
                          is subject to divine governance is likewise subject 
                          to the eternal law, and whatever is not subject to eternal 
                          governance is likewise not subject to the eternal law.Now 
                          the distinction between these two sorts of things can 
                          be understood on the basis of what we are familiar with.  
                          For things that can be done by men are subject 
                          to human governance, whereas things that belong to 
                          man’s nature—e.g., that a man has a soul or hands 
                          or feet—are not subject to human governance.  So, 
                          then, whatever exists in the things created by God—whether 
                          it be contingent or necessary—is subject to the eternal 
                          law, whereas whatever pertains to God’s own nature or 
                          essence is not subject to the eternal law, but is in 
                          reality the eternal law itself.
 
                                 
                          Reply to objection 1:  
                          We can speak of God’s will in two ways.First, we can speak of the  will itself, and 
                          if we are speaking in this way, then since God’s will 
                          is His very essence, it is not subject either to divine 
                          governance or to the eternal law; instead, it is just 
                          the same as the eternal law.
 Second, 
                          we can speak of the divine will in relation what 
                          God wills concerning creatures.  The things 
                          He wills concerning creatures are subject to the eternal 
                          law insofar as a plan for them exists in God’s wisdom.  
                          It is in relation to these things that God’s will is 
                          called reasonable.  On the other, in virtue of 
                          its very self, God’s will should instead be called the 
                          plan itself.
 
                                
                      Reply to objection 2:  
                      The Son of God is not made by God, but is instead 
                      naturally generated by Him.  And so He is not subject to 
                      divine providence or to the eternal law, but, as is clear 
                      from De Vera Religione, is rather Himself the 
                      eternal law through a certain appropriation (cf. ST 
                      1, q. 39, a. 7-8).  However, He is said to be subject to 
                      the Father by reason of His human nature, in accord with 
                      which the Father is also said to be greater than He is. 
                                
                      Reply to objection 3:  
                      We concede the third objection, since it has do with 
                      necessary things that are created. 
                        
                      Reply to argument for the contrary:  
                      As the Philosopher says in Metaphysics 5, certain 
                      necessary things have a cause of their necessity, and so 
                      they depend on another for the very fact that it is 
                      impossible for them to be otherwise.  And this in itself 
                      is a certain kind of efficacious restraint.  For things 
                      that are restrained are said to be restrained to the 
                      extent that they are unable to act differently from the 
                      way in which they are determined to (de eis disponatur). |